In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy;but the scientific dust has long
since settled,and today we can see even his lamous clash with the Inquisition in something like its
proper perspective.But,in contrast,it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem
child for historians of science.
The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated.He was,above all,a man who experimented:who
despised the prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians,who put his questions to nature
instead of the ancient,and who drew his conclusions fearlessly.He had been the first to turn a
telescope to the sky,and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Arisotle and Ptolemy
together.He was the man who climbed the Learning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from
the top,who rolled balls down inclined planes,and then generalized the results of his many
experiments into the famous law of free fall.
But a closer study of the evidence,supported by a deeper sense of the period,and particularly by a
new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution,has profoundly
modified this view of Galileo.Today,although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writing,among
historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged.At the same time our sympathy
for Galileo's opponents has grown somewhat.His telescopic obretical consequences,and they provided
a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus.But can we blame
those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw,if we remember that to use a telescope at the
limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument?Was
the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than those who alleged
that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the eighteen-forties were
sratches left by the grinder?We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were
produced by Galileo's spyglass if we recall that in his day,as for centuries before,curved glass was
the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion,untruth;and if a single curved glass
would distort nature,how much more would a pair of them?